Ranges

Lazy, typed, iterable intervals with exclusive boundaries and custom stepping

BoxLang Ranges are first-class interval objects supporting lazy iteration, multiple element types, exclusive boundaries, custom stepping, and the IRangeable interface for custom types. Ranges are not arrays — they're lightweight objects that generate values on demand.

🚀 The Basics

Range as a First-Class Object

Ranges are created with the .. operator and produce a Range object:

myRange = 1..5
// Range object — NOT immediately an array

Ranges are iterable and seamlessly coerce to arrays when needed:

result = arrayToList( 1..5, "," )  // "1,2,3,4,5"
result = arrayLen( 1..10 )         // 10

But they're not arrays — they're lightweight objects that generate values on demand. This means huge and even infinite ranges are cheap to create and use.

🔢 Supported Types

Integers and Decimals

Integer and decimal ranges work naturally with automatic direction detection:

1..5             // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3.5..1.5         // 3.5, 2.5, 1.5 (descending auto-detected)
(0..1).step(0.25) // 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00

Characters

Single-character strings produce character ranges:

result = []
for( c in "a".."e" ) {
    result.append( c )
}
// ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]

// Descending
for( c in "z".."v" ) { }
// z, y, x, w, v

DateTime

DateTime ranges iterate by day by default and support unit-based stepping:

start = createDate( 2024, 1, 1 )
end = createDate( 2024, 1, 5 )
r = start..end
arrayLen( r )  // 5

// Step by month
r = (createDate(2024,1,15)..createDate(2024,6,15)).step(1, "month")
arrayLen( r )  // 6

// Step by week
r = (createDate(2024,1,1)..createDate(2024,1,29)).step(1, "week")
arrayLen( r )  // 5 (Jan 1, 8, 15, 22, 29)

// Contains with string dates
r = createDate(2024,1,1)..createDate(2024,1,31)
r.contains( "2024-01-15" )  // true
r.contains( "2024-02-01" )  // false

Any Comparable Type (Contains-Only)

Any two values of the same type that are naturally comparable can form a range — even if there's no way to iterate between them. Multi-character strings are a good example: they have a well-defined lexicographic ordering, so contains() works, but there's no natural "next" value after "foo":

r = "aaa".."zzz"

r.contains( "foo" )    // true — lexicographically between "aaa" and "zzz"
r.contains( "hello" )  // true
r.contains( "aaa" )    // true (inclusive boundary)
r.contains( "zzz" )    // true (inclusive boundary)
r.contains( "000" )    // false — comes before "aaa"

r.isIterable()  // false — can't step from "aaa" to "aab" automatically
r.isBounded()   // true

This works with any Java class that implements Comparable — including JDK types:

import java.time.Duration

// A range representing "between 5 minutes and 2 hours"
r = Duration.ofMinutes( 5 )..Duration.ofHours( 2 )

r.contains( Duration.ofMinutes( 30 ) )  // true
r.contains( Duration.ofHours( 3 ) )     // false — exceeds 2 hours
r.contains( Duration.ofMinutes( 5 ) )   // true (boundary)

r.isIterable()  // false

Attempting to iterate a non-iterable range throws an error:

for( s in "aaa".."zzz" ) { }  // ERROR: range is not iterable

This pattern works for any type with a natural ordering — use it as a bounds check without needing to enumerate values.

Custom Types via IRangeable

Any BoxLang or Java class can participate in ranges by implementing the ortus.boxlang.runtime.types.IRangeable interface. See Custom Rangeable Types below for complete details.

🌐 Unbounded and Half-Bounded Ranges

Ranges can be open on one or both ends:

1..      // open end — no upper bound
..5      // open start — no lower bound
..       // fully open — contains everything non-null

Half-bounded ranges are lazy — you can iterate them with a break condition:

result = []
for( i in 1.. ) {
    result.append( i )
    if( i == 5 ) break
}
// [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Open-start and fully-open ranges cannot be iterated (no starting point):

for( i in ..5 ) {}  // ERROR: not iterable
for( i in .. ) {}   // ERROR: not iterable

But they still support contains():

(1..).contains( 999 )       // true
(..5).contains( 3 )         // true
(..).contains( "anything" ) // true
(..).contains( null )       // false (null is never in any range)

Typed Unbounded Ranges

A fully unbounded range (..) contains everything non-null by default. Use .type() to constrain it to a specific type — leveraging BoxLang's loose casting system:

(..).contains( "foo" )               // true (no type constraint)
(..).type("number").contains( "foo" ) // false (wrong type)
(..).type("number").contains( "5" )   // true (coercible to number)
(..).type("integer").contains( 5.5 )  // false (not a whole integer)
(..).type("integer").contains( "5" )  // true (coercible to integer)

Any BoxLang type name works — string, numeric, integer, boolean, date, array, struct, etc. For custom classes, the instanceof operator is used:

(..).type("Widget").contains( myWidget )  // true if myWidget instanceof Widget

For exact Java class matching with no coercion, pass a Class reference directly:

import java:java.lang.Number
(..).type( Number ).contains( 42 )    // true — Integer is a Number
(..).type( Number ).contains( "5" )   // false — strict instanceof, no coercion

🔀 Exclusive Boundaries

Four boundary modes via operators:

1..5     // inclusive both: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1>..5    // exclude start: 2, 3, 4, 5
1..<5    // exclude end:   1, 2, 3, 4
1>..<5   // exclude both:  2, 3, 4

These affect both iteration and contains():

r = 1>..5
r.contains( 1 )  // false
r.contains( 2 )  // true
r.contains( 5 )  // true

🪜 Custom Stepping

The step() method returns a new range (copy-on-write) with a custom step:

arrayToList( (1..10).step(2), "," )   // "1,3,5,7,9"
arrayToList( (10..1).step(-3), "," )  // "10,7,4,1"
arrayToList( (1..10).step(3), "," )   // "1,4,7,10"

Unit-based stepping for DateTime and custom IRangeable types:

(start..end).step( 1, "month" )
(start..end).step( 1, "week" )
(start..end).step( 1, "year" )

🌊 Lazy Iteration and Streaming

Ranges are never materialized into memory unless you ask. This means huge and even infinite ranges are cheap:

// This does NOT allocate 100 billion integers
for( i in 1..100_000_000_000 ) {
    result = i
    break  // instant
}

Full Java Stream API integration:

result = (1..100_000_000_000).stream().limit( 5 ).toList()
// [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

result = (1..).stream().limit( 5 ).toList()
// [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Use map, filter, takeWhile, anyMatch, limit, and all other stream operations.

🔍 Contains Semantics

Simple ranges (step = 1, no unit): Bounds Check

r = 1..10
r.contains( 5 )         // true
r.contains( 0 )         // false
r.contains( "5" )       // true (numeric string coerced)
r.contains( "hello" )   // false (incompatible type)
r.contains( null )      // false (always)

Stepped ranges (step > 1 or unit): Step-Reachability Check

When a range has a custom step, contains() verifies the value is actually reachable by the stepper — not just within bounds:

r = (1..10).step(3)  // produces: 1, 4, 7, 10
r.contains( 4 )   // true  (reachable)
r.contains( 5 )   // false (within bounds but NOT reachable)
r.contains( 11 )  // false (out of bounds)

This follows the Python/Kotlin convention where a stepped range represents a discrete set.

For half-bounded stepped ranges, the iteration stops once the target is exceeded — so this is safe and terminates:

(1..).step(3).contains( 7 )   // true (1, 4, 7 ✓)
(1..).step(3).contains( 5 )   // false (1, 4, 7 — passed 5 without hitting it)

Non-iterable ranges: Always Bounds Check

Ranges that cannot be iterated (no start value, or no stepper) always fall back to a simple bounds check:

r = "aaa".."zzz"   // not iterable
r.contains( "foo" ) // true (between "aaa" and "zzz" lexicographically)

Range-in-Range Contains

You can check if an entire range fits within another:

outer = 1..10
outer.contains( 3..7 )    // true
outer.contains( 5..15 )   // false (exceeds high end)
outer.contains( 1>..10 )  // true (exclusive inner fits in inclusive outer)
outer.contains( .. )       // false (unbounded inner can't fit in bounded outer)

// Unbounded outer contains anything
(..).contains( 1..100 )   // true
(1..).contains( 5.. )     // true
(5..).contains( 1..3 )    // false (inner starts below outer)

🗜️ Clamping Values

The clamp() method snaps a value to the closest boundary if it falls outside the range:

(1..10).clamp( 11 )   // 10 — above high, snapped down
(1..10).clamp( 0 )    // 1  — below low, snapped up
(1..10).clamp( 5 )    // 5  — within bounds, unchanged
(1..10).clamp( "7" )  // 7  — coerced and returned

Half-bounded ranges snap to the one bound that exists:

(5..).clamp( 2 )      // 5   — snapped up to low
(5..).clamp( 999 )    // 999 — no upper bound
(..10).clamp( 50 )    // 10  — snapped down to high
(..10).clamp( -100 )  // -100 — no lower bound

Fully unbounded ranges just type-check and return the value:

(..).clamp( 42 )                     // 42
(..).type("numeric").clamp( "5" )    // 5 (coerced)
(..).type("numeric").clamp( "foo" )  // ERROR — incompatible type

📍 Position Checks

Check whether a value falls before or after a range without getting a full contains() answer:

r = 1..10
r.isValueBefore( -3 )   // true — below the low bound
r.isValueBefore( 5 )    // false — inside the range
r.isValueAfter( 50 )    // true — above the high bound
r.isValueAfter( 5 )     // false — inside the range

Exclusive boundaries are respected:

r = 5>..10
r.isValueBefore( 5 )    // true — 5 is excluded from the range

Incompatible types return false (same as contains()):

(1..10).isValueBefore( "foo" )  // false
('a'..'z').isValueAfter( 42 )   // false

📋 Member Methods

Query Methods

Method	Description
contains(value)	Check if value (or inner range) is within this range
isValueBefore(value)	True if value is before the low boundary
isValueAfter(value)	True if value is after the high boundary
isEmpty()	True if iteration would produce zero elements
isAscending()	True if step is positive
isIterable()	True if the range can be iterated
isBounded()	True if both start and end are present
isUnbounded()	True if both start and end are absent
isHalfBounded()	True if exactly one bound is present
hasFrom() / hasTo()	Check individual bounds

Accessors

Method	Description
getFrom() / getTo()	Get bound values
getStep()	Get current step value

Transformation Methods

Method	Description
clamp(value)	Snap value to the closest boundary if out of bounds
type(typeName)	New range constrained to a BoxLang type (uses casters for coercion)
type(class)	New range constrained to an exact Java class (strict instanceof)
step(n)	New range with numeric step
step(n, unit)	New range with unit-based step
asc()	Force ascending (empty if already descending)
desc()	Force descending (empty if already ascending)

Conversion Methods

Method	Description
toArray()	Materialize to array (requires bounded + iterable)
stream()	Get a Java Stream for functional pipelines
toString()	Human-readable representation
equals(other)	Structural equality (bounds, step, exclusivity)

✅ Empty Ranges and Truthiness

Ranges are truthy if non-empty, falsy if empty:

if( 1..5 ) { }           // truthy
if( (1..5).step(-1) ) { } // falsy (positive range, negative step = empty)
if( (5..1).asc() ) { }   // falsy (descending range forced ascending = empty)
if( 1>..<1 ) { }         // falsy (exclude both endpoints of single value = empty)

🔢 Operator Precedence

Arithmetic binds tighter than the range operator:

1 + 3 .. 5 * 2  // evaluates as (1+3)..(5*2) = 4..10

You can use any expression as operands:

abs(-3)..abs(-7)                    // 3..7
getStart()..getEnd()                // function calls
s.low..s.high                       // struct access
arr[1]..arr[2]                      // array index
(x ?: 1)..(x ?: 5)                  // null coalescing
" 2 ".trim().." 6 ".trim()          // chained methods
(x ? 1 : 10)..(x ? 5 : 20)          // ternary

📝 Copy-on-Write Semantics

All modifier methods return new Range instances — the original is never mutated:

original = 1..10
stepped = original.step(3)
original.getStep()  // 1 (unchanged)
stepped.getStep()   // 3

⚠️ Error Cases

These throw runtime errors:

[1,2]..[3,4]    // arrays can't form ranges
{a:1}..{b:2}    // structs can't form ranges
1.."hello"      // incompatible types
(() => 1)..(() => 2)  // closures can't form ranges

(..5).toArray()       // can't materialize without a start
("aaa".."zzz").toArray()  // not iterable (no stepper)
(1..10).step(5, "minutes") // unit stepping not supported on plain numbers

🧩 Custom Rangeable Types: IRangeable

Any Java or BoxLang class can become rangeable by implementing ortus.boxlang.runtime.types.IRangeable. You need to provide:

• rangeAdvance( step ) — Return a new instance advanced by step positions

• rangeCompare( other ) — Compare to another instance (negative = less, 0 = equal, positive = greater)

• rangeCoerce( val ) — Convert arbitrary values to your type for contains() checks

• rangeStepFromUnit( amount, unit ) — (Optional) Convert a unit-based step to a numeric step

• rangeUnitStepper( unit ) — (Optional) Return a custom stepper closure for non-uniform stepping

Example 1: Fibonacci — Infinite Non-Linear Sequences

Not all sequences advance linearly. The Fibonacci sequence is a perfect example — each value depends on the previous two, so rangeAdvance(1) produces values that grow exponentially. BoxLang's range system handles this naturally.

class Fib implements="java:ortus.boxlang.runtime.types.IRangeable" {
    property name="prev" type="integer" default=0
    property name="current" type="integer" default=1

    // Advance by N steps in the Fibonacci sequence
    function rangeAdvance( step ) {
        var result = this
        for( var i = 1; i <= step; i++ ) {
            result = new Fib(
                prev: result.getCurrent(),
                current: result.getPrev() + result.getCurrent()
            )
        }
        return result
    }

    // Compare by current value (defines ordering)
    function rangeCompare( other ) {
        return variables.current - other.getCurrent()
    }

    // Convert integers to Fib instances for contains() checks
    function rangeCoerce( val ) {
        if( val instanceof "Fib" ) return val
        if( isNumeric( val ) ) return new Fib( current: int(val) )
        return null
    }
}

Usage:

// First 10 Fibonacci numbers
(new Fib()..).stream().limit(10).map( .getCurrent() ).toList()
// [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55]

// Is this a Fibonacci number?
(new Fib()..).contains( 13 )   // true — 13 is a Fibonacci number
(new Fib()..).contains( 14 )   // false — 14 is not
(new Fib()..).contains( 144 )  // true

Example 2: Roman Numerals

A Roman numeral class that stores an integer internally and converts to/from Roman notation. This demonstrates iteration, stepping, and coercion-based contains.

class Roman implements="java:ortus.boxlang.runtime.types.IRangeable" {
    property name="value" type="integer" default=0

    static {
        VALUES = [1000, 900, 500, 400, 100, 90, 50, 40, 10, 9, 5, 4, 1]
        SYMBOLS = ["M", "CM", "D", "CD", "C", "XC", "L", "XL", "X", "IX", "V", "IV", "I"]
    }

    // Construct from integer or Roman numeral string
    function init( input ) {
        variables.value = isNumeric( input ) ? int( input ) : static.fromRoman( input )
        return this
    }

    // Parse a Roman numeral string into its integer value
    static function fromRoman( s ) {
        s = uCase( s )
        return static.VALUES.reduce( ( acc, val, idx ) => {
            var sym = static.SYMBOLS[ idx ]
            while( mid( s, acc.pos, sym.len() ) == sym ) {
                acc.result += val
                acc.pos += sym.len()
            }
            return acc
        }, { result: 0, pos: 1 } ).result
    }

    // Convert an integer to its Roman numeral string representation
    static function toRoman( num ) {
        return static.VALUES.reduce( ( result, val, idx ) => {
            var count = int( num / val )
            num -= count * val
            return result & repeatString( static.SYMBOLS[ idx ], count )
        }, "" )
    }

    function toString() { return static.toRoman( variables.value ) }
    function rangeAdvance( step ) { return new Roman( variables.value + step ) }
    function rangeCompare( other ) { return variables.value - other.getValue() }

    // Convert integers or Roman numeral strings to Roman instances
    function rangeCoerce( val ) {
        if( val instanceof "Roman" ) return val
        if( isNumeric( val ) ) return new Roman( val )
        if( isSimpleValue( val ) ) return new Roman( val )
        return null
    }
}

Usage:

result = []
for( r in new Roman("I")..new Roman("X") ) {
    result.append( r.toString() )
}
// ["I", "II", "III", "IV", "V", "VI", "VII", "VIII", "IX", "X"]

// Contains with multiple input types
range = new Roman("I")..new Roman("C")  // 1 to 100
range.contains( new Roman("V") )   // true
range.contains( 5 )                // true
range.contains( "V" )              // true

Example 3: Musical Notes with Unit Stepping

This is where it gets interesting. A Musical Note class that supports chromatic, whole-step, major-third, octave, major scale, and minor scale stepping — plus stream composition for infinite sequences.

class Note implements="java:ortus.boxlang.runtime.types.IRangeable" {
    property name="midi" type="integer" default=60

    static {
        NOTES = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"]
        MAJOR = [2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1]
        MINOR = [2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2]
    }

    function init( input ) {
        variables.midi = isNumeric( input ) ? int( input ) : static.parseName( input )
        return this
    }

    static function parseName( name ) {
        name = uCase( name )
        var hasSharp = name.len() > 2 && mid( name, 2, 1 ) == "#"
        var notePart = hasSharp ? left( name, 2 ) : left( name, 1 )
        var octave = int( right( name, name.len() - notePart.len() ) )
        var idx = arrayFind( static.NOTES, notePart )
        return ( octave + 1 ) * 12 + idx - 1
    }

    function toString() {
        return static.NOTES[ variables.midi mod 12 + 1 ] & ( int( variables.midi / 12 ) - 1 )
    }

    function rangeAdvance( step ) { return new Note( variables.midi + step ) }
    function rangeCompare( other ) { return variables.midi - other.getMidi() }

    function rangeCoerce( val ) {
        if( val instanceof "Note" ) return val
        if( isNumeric( val ) ) return new Note( val )
        if( isSimpleValue( val ) ) return new Note( val )
        return null
    }

    // Convert named units to a fixed semitone count
    function rangeStepFromUnit( amount, unit ) {
        switch( unit ) {
            case "chromatic": return amount
            case "whole": return amount * 2
            case "third": return amount * 4
            case "octave": return amount * 12
        }
        throw( message: "Unsupported unit: " & unit )
    }

    // Return a closure for non-uniform scale stepping (major/minor)
    function rangeUnitStepper( unit ) {
        if( unit != "major" && unit != "minor" ) return null
        var root = variables.midi
        var intervals = ( unit == "major" ) ? static.MAJOR : static.MINOR
        var cumulative = [0]
        for( var i = 1; i <= 7; i++ ) {
            cumulative.append( cumulative[ i ] + intervals[ i ] )
        }
        return ( current, amount ) => {
            var offset = current.getMidi() - root
            var octaves = int( offset / 12 )
            var remainder = offset mod 12
            var degree = 0
            for( var i = 2; i <= cumulative.len(); i++ ) {
                if( cumulative[ i ] <= remainder ) degree = i - 1
            }
            var newDegree = octaves * 7 + degree + amount
            var newOctaves = int( newDegree / 7 )
            var newDegreeInOctave = newDegree mod 7
            return new Note( root + ( newOctaves * 12 ) + cumulative[ newDegreeInOctave + 1 ] )
        }
    }
}

Usage:

// Chromatic scale
result = []
for( n in (new Note("C4")..new Note("D4")).step( 1, "chromatic" ) ) {
    result.append( n.toString() )
}
// ["C4", "C#4", "D4"]

// C Major scale
result = []
for( n in (new Note("C4")..new Note("C5")).step( 1, "major" ) ) {
    result.append( n.toString() )
}
// ["C4", "D4", "E4", "F4", "G4", "A4", "B4", "C5"]

// Half-bounded + stream: Full chromatic octave
chromaticScale = (new Note("C4")..).step( 1, "chromatic" )
    .stream()
    .limit( 13 )
    .map( n => n.toString() )
    .toList()
// ["C4", "C#4", "D4", "D#4", "E4", "F4", "F#4", "G4", "G#4", "A4", "A#4", "B4", "C5"]

Implementation Checklist

1. rangeAdvance( step ) — Return a new instance moved by step positions. This is your "next value" generator.

2. rangeCompare( other ) — Return negative/zero/positive like Java's compareTo(). This defines ordering for contains checks and iteration bounds.

3. rangeCoerce( val ) — Convert foreign values to your type. Return null if the value can't be converted. This enables contains() to accept multiple input types.

4. rangeStepFromUnit( amount, unit ) (optional) — Convert named units to numeric step values. Only needed if your type supports unit-based stepping with uniform intervals.

5. rangeUnitStepper( unit ) (optional) — Return a closure (current, amount) => nextValue for non-uniform stepping patterns. Return null to fall through to rangeStepFromUnit().

Key Insight: The key insight is that IRangeable types always use step-reachability for contains() — the range iterates through actual values produced by rangeAdvance() rather than doing a simple bounds check. This is essential for sequences like Fibonacci where the "distance" between values is non-uniform.

📚 Additional Resources

• BoxLang Ranges: Supercharged — Community blog post covering all range features

• BoxLang Ranges Part 2: Custom Types with IRangeable — Deep dive into IRangeable with complete examples

Available in BoxLang 1.14.0+