Operators

Operate all things++--==!^%/\

Operators are the foundation of any programming language. Operators are symbols that help a programmer to perform specific mathematical, structuring, destructuring, and logical computations on operands (variables or expressions). We can categorize the BoxLang operators into the following categories:

1. Arithmetic/Mathematical

2. Assignment

3. Logical

4. Comparison

5. Ternary

6. Elvis (Null Coalescing)

7. Function

8. Collections

BoxLang does not offer the capability to overload operators like other languages.

Operator Precedence

The order of precedence exists in BoxLang, just like in mathematics. You can also control the order of precedence by using the grouping operator () like in mathematics, the magical ordering parenthesis.

^
*, /
\
MOD
+, -
&
EQ, NEQ, LT, LTE, GT, GTE, CONTAINS, DOES NOT CONTAIN, ==, !=, >, >=, <, <=
NOT, !
AND, &&
OR, ||
XOR
EQV
IMP

Remember that using parenthesis (Grouping Operator) is very important to denote precedence.

Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to perform arithmetic/mathematical operations on operands.

Operator	Name	Description
+	Add	a = 1 + 4
-	Subtract	a = 4 - 2
*	Multiply	a = 4 * b
/	Divide	a = 4 / myVariable
^	Exponentiate	a = 2^2 // 4
%, MOD	Modulus / Remainder	5 % 2 = 1 or 5 mod 2
\	Integer Divide	a = 7 \ 3 is 2. Please note it does not round off the integer.
++	Increment	a = b++ assign b to a and THEN increment b a = ++b increment b and THEN assign to a
--	Decrement	a = b-- assign b to a and THEN decrement b a = --b decrement b and THEN assign to a
-	Negate	a = -b Negate the value of b
+	Positive	a = +b Make the value of b a positive number
()	Grouping	The grouping operator is used just like in mathematics, to give precedence to operations. result = 3 * (2+3) which is not the same as result = 3 * 2 + 3

Bitwise Operators

BoxLang has native bitwise operators and it also implements bitwise operations via functions (since functions can also be operators in BoxLang): bitAnd, bitMaskClear, bitMaskRead, bitMaskSet, bitNot, bitOr, bitSHLN, bitSHRN, bitXOR . You can find much more information here: https://boxlang.ortusbooks.com/boxlang-language/reference/built-in-functions/math

These operators are used to perform bitwise operations on operands.

The bitwise operators look a bit different in BoxLang vs other languages like Java since the normal bitwise operators are already used for other purposes in BoxLang.

Operator	Name	Description
b|	Bitwise OR	a = 12 b| 25
b&	Bitwise AND	a = 5 b& 9
b^	Bitwise XOR	a = 10 b^ 12
b~	Bitwise Complement	a = b~ 35
b<<	Bitwise Signed Left Shift	a = 14 b<< 4
b>>	Bitwise Signed Right Shift	a = 4 b>> 2
b>>>	Bitwise Unsigned Right Shift	a = 25 b>>> 3

For more information about bitwise operations, you can read more here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation

Assignment Operators

These operators are usually used for compound evaluations and assignments.

Operator	Name	Description
=	Assignment	a = 5 The way to assign a value to a variable. You can also assign them to multiple variables by chaining them: a=b=c=5 which is the same as saying: a=5;b=5;c=5
+=	Compound Add	a += b is equivalent to a = a + b
-=	Compound Substract	a -= b is equivalent to a = a - b
*=	Compound Multiply	a *= b is equivalent to a = a * b
/+	Compound Divide	a /= b is equivalent to a = a / b
%=	Compound Modulus	a %= b is equivalent to a = a % b
&=	Compound Concatenation	A way to concatenate strings together a = "hello " a &= "luis" The result will be hello luis
&	Concatenation	Concatenates two strings: "Hola" & space & "Luis"

Logical Operators

Logical operators perform logic between values or values, usually denoting a boolean result.

Operator	Name	Description
!,NOT	Negation	!true = false or a = not true
&&,AND	And	Returns true if both operands are true. a = b && c
||, OR	Or	Returns true if either operand is true. a = b
XOR	Exclusive Or	Returns true when either of the operands is true (one is true, and the other is false), but both are not true, and both are not false. true XOR true = false true XOR false = true false XOR false = false
EQV	Equivalence	The exact opposite of an exclusive or. Meaning that it will return true when both operands are either true or false. true EQV true = true true EQV false = false false EQV false = true
IMP	Implication	A implies B is equivalent to if a then b. A imp b is false ONLY if a is true and b is false; else, it returns true always.

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used when comparing two values, expressions, or variables. The return of a comparison is either true or false.

Operator	Name	Description
eq, ==	Equality	True if a eq b or a == b
neq, !=, <>	Not Equal	The opposite of equality: a neq b, a != b, a <> b
===	Identity	Returns true if the operands are equal in value and in type. 2 === "2" // false 2 === 2 // true
!===	Negated Identity	Same as the identity operator but negating the result.
gt, >	Greater than	If the left operand is greater in value than the right operand
gte, >=	Greater than o equal	If the left operand is greater than or equal in value than the right operand
lt, <	Less than	If the left operand is less than in value than the right operand
lte, <=	Less than or equal	If the left operand is less than or equal in value than the right operand
contains, ct	Contains	Returns true if the left operand contains the right one. 'hello' contains 'lo'
does not contain, nct	Negated contains	Returns true if the left operand does NOT contain the right one. 'hello' does not contain 'pio'
assert	Assert an expression	Evaluate an expression and if the expression is falsey it will throw an assert exceptions.

Assert Statement

BoxLang offers an assert statement that will evaluate an expression, and if the expression is falsey, it will throw an assert exception.

// Asserts that the name is truthy
assert name;

// Assert an expression
assert myService.hasData();
assert name.length() > 3;

// Assert a lambda/closure result.
assert ()-> { do something }
assert ()=> { do something }

Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a conditional operator that works just like an if-then-else statement but in shorthand syntax. It has three operands:

condition ? value1 if true : value2 if false

The condition must evaluate to a Boolean value. If true then the value1 will be used, or else value2 will be used. You can combine this operator with parenthesis, Elvis operators, etc., to build rich expressions.

result = ( 10 > 0 ) ? true : false
result = animal eq 'dog' ? 'bark' : 'not a dog'

// More complex approach
result = creditScore > 800 ? "Excellent" :
    ( creditScore > 700 ) ? "Good" :
    ( creditScore > 600 ) ? "Average" : "Bad"

Elvis Operator (Null Coalescing)

The Elvis operator is usually referred to as the null coalescing operator. Its name comes from the symbol it represents, which looks like Elivs hair turned sideways: ?:. If the expression to the operator's left is null , then the expression on the right will be evaluated as the result of the expression.

expression ?: defaultValueOrExpression

Here is a simple example:

function process( result ){
    writeOutput( result ?: "nothing passed" )
}
process() // produces 'nothing passed'
process( "hello" ) // produces 'hello'

displayName = rc.name ?: 'Anonymous'

event
    .getResponse()
    .setError( true )
    .setData( rc.id ?: "" )

Function Expressions

In BoxLang, a function invocation can be used as an expression, where the results of the function call is the effective value used.

results = ucase( "this is text " ) & toString( 12 + 50 )

Function is also a proper type, allowing a reference to a function to be passed as an argument to another function or returned from another function as the return value. Functions which accept or return other functions are called higher order functions**.

// I can also pass lambdas or anonymous functions as arguments
results = listener( 2 * 3, (result) => result + 1 )

Collections Operators

Many operators can work on collection objects like arrays, structs, and queries. So let's start investigating them.

Safe Navigation Operator

The Safe Navigation operator avoids accessing a key in a structure or a value in an object that does null or doesn't exist. Typically when you have a reference to an object, you might need to verify that it exists before accessing the methods or properties of the object. To avoid this, the safe navigation operator will return null instead of throwing an exception, like so:

var user = userService.findById( id )
// If user is not found, then this will still work but no exception is thrown.
echo( user?.getSalary() )

s = { name : "luis" }
echo( s.name )
echo( s?.name )

Spread Operator

Feature coming soon

The spread operator allows an iterable object to expand and merge in certain declarations in code. These objects in BoxLang are mostly arrays and structures. This operator can quickly merge all or parts of an existing array or object into another array or object. This operator is used by leveraging three dots ... in specific expressions.

// Spread
var variableName = [ ...myArray ]
// Traditional
var variableName = [].append( myArray )

// Spread
var mergedObject = { ...obj1, ...obj2 }
// Traditional
mergedObject.append( obj1 ).append( obj2 )

You can accomplish the result of the spread operator with the append() member function or traditional function in a very elegant and user-friendly syntax. It also allows you NOT to do chaining but inline expressions.

,The Spread syntax also allows an iterable such as an array expression or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) are expected. Here are some examples to help you understand this operator:

Function Calls

numbers = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
function sum( x, y, z ){
    return x + y + z;
}
// Call the function using the spread operator
results = sum( ...numbers ) // 6

// Ignore the others
numbers = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
results = sum( ...numbers ) // 6

Array Definitions

numbers = [ 1, 2, 3 ]
myArray = [ 3, 4, ...numbers ]
myArray2 = [ ...numbers ]
myArray2 = [ ...numbers, 4, 66 ]

Struct Definitions

var mergedObject = { ...obj1, ...obj2 }

user1 = { name : "luis", age: 15 }
user2 = { name : "joe", location : "miami" }

mergedUsers = { ...user1, ...user2 }
// What will the output be?
writeDump( mergedUsers )
// { name : "joe" , age : 15, location : "miami" }

Rest Operator

Feature coming soon

The Rest function operator is similar to the Spread Operator but behaves oppositely. The spread syntax expands the iterable constructs into individual elements, and the Rest syntax collects and condenses them into a single construct, usually an array.

Imagine I need to create a function that takes in an unlimited number of Identifiers so I can return all items that have that ID:

function findById( ...ids ){
}

findById( 1 ) // ids is a single value of 1
findById( 1, 23, 34, 456 ) // ids is an array of values

You can also combine them in functions with other arguments:

function findById( entityName, ...ids ){
}

findById( "User", 1 ) // ids is a single value of 1
findById( "Car", 1, 23, 34, 456 ) // ids is an array of values