Variables

name = "Amazing Programmer"

In BoxLang, variables are just pointers to a piece of data. They can hold any value you like and even change their value or type at runtime. In some languages, you need to specify the type of data you want your variable to hold at compile-time. You do not need to assign one in BoxLang, as everything is dynamic or inferred. It infers types according to the initial value you assign to your variable.

a = "string"; // string
b = now(); // datetime
c = 123; // integer
d = 1.34; // float
f = false; // boolean, or a string

Please note that assignments are evaluated from right to left instead of traditional reading from left to right.

Open up the CommandBox Shell and go into CommandBox REPL mode by typing repl. Whenever you assign a value to a variable, the CommandBox REPL will output or echo the variable for you. Please note that in REPL mode, the termination for a line of code is omitted. A line terminator in BoxLang is the ;.

As you can see, we can create strings, numerics, arrays, structs, and so much more. There is no need for types or special assignments. The BoxLang engine will determine or infer it and use it accordingly, thus a dynamic language.

In the CommandBox REPL semi-colons are optional, and the default syntax is script and not tags.

Case Insensitive

BoxLang is a case-insensitive language as well. Meaning if you create a variable a and reference it as A they are the same. This can be a big gotcha for developers from languages like Java or JavaScript. However, as best practice, we would recommend ALWAYS using the same case as when you define the variable:

Don't do this

a = "Hola Luis";
writeOutput( A );

Do this

a = "Hola Luis";
writeOutput( a );

Naming Requirements

Most BoxLang variables have a few requirements imposed by the Virtual Machine (VM)

• It must begin with a letter, underscore, or Unicode currency symbol.

• It can contain letters, numbers, underscore characters, and Unicode currency symbols.

• NO SPACES!

• Not case-sensitive

Reserved Words

As with any programming language, there are specific names you can't use, and some you can use, but they can be very confusing for developers or the engine. Here is a list of some of those:

• The name of any of the internal BoxLang engine scopes: form, session, cgi, client, url, application, function

  • Technically you can create the variable by long scoping (local.form), but it is confusing and error-prone. So please be careful.

Reserved Word
abstract
and
break
case
catch
continue
contains
default
do
else
eq
eqv
false
finally
final
for
function
gt
gte
import
imp
in
is
if
interface
lt
lte
local (within a function)
neq
not
null (If null support is on)
pageenconding
or
return
switch
true
try
while
xor

Flexible Typing

You can also create a variable with one type and then switch it to another dynamically:

As you can see, the last equality wins! In this case, a is now an array.

Types

BoxLang is a typeless language, but internal types always exist. BoxLang will automatically cast so you can do flexible typing assignments when evaluating expressions. It does all the tedious and hard job for you. If we were to categorize BoxLang variables into categories, these would be:

Category	Description
Binary	Raw data from files such as images, pdfs, etc
Complex	A data container that represents more than one value: structures, arrays, queries, XML document objects, etc.
Objects	Complex constructs representing data and functional operations. BoxLang Classes or Java Objects.
Simple	One value and used directly in expressions. These include numbers, strings, floats, booleans, and date-time values.

BoxLang also includes many validation functions that are available to you to test for the type of variable you are working with. You can also use the getmetdata() function to get the metadata about the variable as well.

qData = getMetadata( query )
a = now()
writedump( a.getMetadata() )

• isArray()

• isBinary()

• isBoolean()

• isCustomFunction()

• isClosure()

• isDate()

• isDateObject()

• isDDX()

• isJSON()

• isNumeric()

• isNumericDate()

• isObject()

• isNull()

• isPDFFile()

• isPDFObject()

• isQuery()

• isSimpleValue()

• isSpreadsheetFile()

• isSpreadsheetObject()

• isStruct()

• isWDDX()

• isXML()

• isXmlDoc()

Conversions

You can also convert variables from one type to another in BoxLang. Here are some functions that will assist you in conversions:

• arrayToList()

• binaryDecode()

• binaryEncode()

• charsetDecode()

• charsetEncode()

• deserializeJSON()

• entityToQuery()

• hash()

• hmac()

• HTMLParse()

• lcase()

• listToArray()

• parseNumber()

• serializeJSON()

• toBase64()

• toBinary()

• toScript()

• toString()

• URLDecode()

• URLEncode()

• URLEncodedFormat()

• val()

• XMLFormat()

• XMLParse()

• XMLTransform()

Please note that some of them can be used as member functions directly on a specific object type. https://cfdocs.org/conversion%2Dfunctions

Outputting Variables (Interpolation)

You can also output or evaluate variables by using the # operators and using the variable name. This is referred to as interpolation in some languages:

a = "Hola Luis"
writeoutput( "Welcome to BoxLang: #a#" )
// Echo is the same as writeOutput
echo( "Welcome" )

Also, note that using the # hashes for output on assignments can be redundant if you do NOT use string interpolation but just variable assignments.

Don't do this

a = "hello luis";
b = #a#;
or
b = "#a#";

Do this

a = "hello luis";
b = a;

Debugging Variables

BoxLang offers one of the most used functions/tags ever: <bx:dump>, writeDump() and <bx:abort>, abort;. These are used to dump all the contents of a variable into the browser, console, or even a file. You can then leverage the abort construct to abort the request and see the output of your dumped variables. This will work with both simple and complex variables. However, be very careful when using it with Nested ORM objects, as you can potentially dump your entire database and crash the server. Leverage the top argument to limit dumping.

writeDump( complex );abort;

<bx:dump var="#server#" abort=true>

writeDump( var=arrayOfORM, top=5 );abort;

Server Debugging Templates

BoxLang also allows you to turn on/off a debugging template that shows up at the bottom of requests when running in server mode. You can activate this debugging by logging in to the appropriate engine administrator and looking for the debugging section. Turn it on and debug like a champ.

Paraming Variables

BoxLang allows you to set default values for variables if you use a variable that doesn't exist. You can use the <bx:param> tag or the param construct:

<bx:param name="myVariable" default="luis">

or

param myVariable = "luis";

You can even assign types to parameterize variables and much more. Check out the docs for it: https://cfdocs.org/cfparam

Checking For Existence

You can verify if variables exist in many different ways. The following section showcases how variables are stored in visibility and persistence scopes, all of which are structures or hash maps in Java terms. This means you can leverage structure operations to check for existence and much more. Below are several ways to verify variable existence:

• isDefined() - Evaluates a string value to determine whether the variable

  named in it exists.

• isNull() - Returns true if the specified object is null, else false.

• structKeyExists( key, value ) - Verifies if the specified key variable exists in a structure.

// Notice the variable name is in quotes
if( isDefined( "myVariable" ) ){
    writeOutput( myVariable );
} else {
    writeOutput( "Not Defined!" );
}

// Notice that the variable is NOT in quotes
if( isNull( myVariable ) ){
    writeOutput( "Not Defined!" );
} else {
    writeOutput( myVariable );
}

// What is this variables scopes???
if( structKeyExists( variables, "myVariable" ) ){
    writeOutput( myVariable );
} else {
    writeOutput( "Not Defined!" );
}

Java Integration

As we have discussed, BoxLang is a dynamic language built on Java. Thus each variable internally is represented by a native Java data type: String, Int, Float, Array, Vector, HashMap, etc. This is important because each variable you create has member functions available to you that delegate or reflect its native Java class.

a = "hello";
writeOutput( a.getClass().getName() );

If you run the script above in the REPL tool, you will see the output as java.lang.String. Therefore, the variable is typed as a String and can call on any method that java.lang.String implements. You can try this for the many types in BoxLang, like structs, arrays, objects, etc.

Member Functions

Besides the native Java member functions available to you, BoxLang also allows you to call on each variable's data type functions and chain them to create friendly language DSLs. This way, you do not have to pass variables into functions but treat the variables as objects. You can see all the member functions available according to data type here: https://cfdocs.org/member

Here are some examples:

// Function passing
var myArray = [];
ArrayAppend( myArray, "objec_new" );
ArraySort( myArray, "ASC" );

// Member Functions
myArray.append( "objec_new" );
myArray.sort( "ASC" );

// Java Functions + BoxLang Functions
var myProductObject = createObject( "java", "myJavaclass" );
myjavaList = myProductObject.getProductList();
myjavaList.add( "newProduct" ); // Java API

myjavaList.append( "newProduct" ); // CF API
myjavaList.sort( "ASC" );

// DSL Chaining
s="the";
s = s.listAppend("quick brown fox", " ")
     .listAppend("jumps over the lazy dog", " ")
     .ucase()
     .reverse();

Member functions for the following data types are supported:

• Array

• String

• List

• Struct

• Date

• Spreadsheet

• XML

• Query

• Image

Please see https://cfdocs.org/member for further information on member functions.

Naming Coding Standards

At Ortus Solutions, we have developed a set of development standards for many languages. You can find our BoxLang standards here: https://github.com/Ortus-Solutions/coding-standards